Yield compression and margin levels raise concerns about market risk

Lower rates and lower bond yields may drive increased portfolio leverage

We’ve regularly discussed rates and inflation in 2021 as two key drivers of global markets.¹ With lower expected future returns on fixed income, these drivers give credence to the idea that many institutional investors would need to move further out on the curve (take more risk) and/or use leverage to meet their financial obligations. Both of which now appear to be happening.

Alternative investment allocations are increasing as bond return expectations fall

Despite the upward trend in inflation numbers and rates expectations increasing, we continue to see lower yields, particularly in lower quality bonds, such as those labelled as “junk” or those with ratings BB or below. Currently, the nominal yield of the junk bond market is approximately 3.8% with an average duration (maturity date) of six years, compared to an overall global bond market yield of under 1%.² Various reports, including our recent joint survey with Coalition Greenwich, indicate that investors are adding alternative assets like private equity, REITs, and hedge funds to their portfolios, but there is still a meaningful allocation to fixed income.³

Those bonds, however, offer lower yields. Endowments, for example, have recognised lower expected fixed income returns and have reduced their fixed income allocation to 21% on average, from levels as high as 40% a decade earlier. Larger endowments, for example, have an average allocation to illiquid private markets and alternatives of approximately 30%.⁴ Despite the smaller allocation to fixed income, it remains a relevant component in expected returns.

Endowment and pension liability requirements may struggle to be met

Examining the 134 largest public pension funds, their required liability returns have both a median and average required rate of return of 7%.⁵ For those funds, five-year returns have been 5.1% and 10-year returns have been 7.5%.⁶ But market expectations for equity returns over the coming years average around 5% and fixed income averages around 2%.⁷ Even with larger allocations to alternatives, it is clear that with low rates and equity return expectations, it will be difficult to achieve this moving forward, absent portfolio weighting adjustments - such as buying higher yielding but lower quality debt, or increasing portfolio leverage.  

Yields between junk bonds and risk-free assets have compressed to levels last seen just before the financial crisis

The search for yield is evident when comparing the junk bond yield to US Treasuries (Chart 1). The compression of the spread, i.e., requiring less and less yield for riskier bonds has created market risks. The last time we saw the option adjusted spread OAS to US treasuries this low (2.7%) was just before the Global Financial Crisis (GFC).⁸ Recall too that outside of the subprime and traditional mortgage related causes, leverage was a significant driver.

 

Chart 1: Junk bond to 10-yr treasury yield spreads are at levels last seen just before the Global Financial Crisis

Spread between US High Yield Index (BB rated and lower) and similar US Treasury tenors

Margin is at all-time highs

And it is leverage that we are now seeing in the markets, which have reached all-time highs at nearly US$600trn as of June this year (Chart 2). Margin has worked well over the decade-long bull market, but again, the last time markets hit proportionately significant all-time levels, it marked the beginning of the GFC.

 

Chart 2: Margin at brokers and dealers is at all-time highs

Security Brokers and Dealers margin accounts

Released quarterly as of 10 June 2021. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BOGZ1FL663067003Q
Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), FRED, World Gold Council

Central bank actions in the near term could prompt sharp de-risking with current margin levels

Central banks - the Federal Reserve (Fed) in particular – find themselves in a difficult position. Inflation has moved sharply higher, much like it did before the GFC when CPI was 3%, and the economy is slowing as we risk stagflation. The Fed will need to taper, whether this year or next, and it will have to consider rate increases or risk the snowball effects of inflation. At that point, or at a point at which we see overvalued stocks fall for unforeseen reasons (exactly as we saw this week with Chinese real estate concerns), margin and leverage will need to fall, and riskier assets like junk bonds will likely sell off.

A sharp equity selloff - combined with deleveraging - in a period of minimal perceived ammunition from central banks could set the scene for the next “House of Cards”. When and if that time comes, it could indicate the need for a portfolio diversifier, just as it did in the last major market selloffs of 2008, 2011 and 2018, and more recently, during the COVID crisis.